Fortalecimento da Rede Nacional de Atenção Integral à Saúde do Trabalhador pela mobilização social: relato de experiência / Strengthening the National Network for Comprehensive Occupational Healthcare through social mobilization: an experience report

Resumo Introdução: a participação social é o pilar da implementação da Política Nacional de Saúde do Trabalhador e da Trabalhadora que estabelece as ações de atenção à Saúde do Trabalhador no Sistema Único de Saúde, a partir da Rede Nacional de Atenção Integral à Saúde do Trabalhador (Renast). Objetivo: descrever a parceria ensino-serviço para fortalecer a atenção à Saúde do Trabalhador em um município, em consonância com os princípios da Renast, a partir da formação e mobilização social em saúde. Métodos: trata-se de um relato do projeto de extensão desenvolvido por demanda da Comissão Intersetorial de Saúde do Trabalhador e da Trabalhadora municipal. Foram realizadas três oficinas de trabalho que utilizaram o diálogo em grupos de discussão como método para produção de conhecimento associado a estratégias de ensino-aprendizagem. Resultados: profissionais de saúde, estudantes, trabalhadores e representantes de entidades participaram das oficinas, que versavam sobre: organização da Renast; a epidemiologia e papel dos diversos atores para fortalecimento da Renast; a articulação intra e intersetorial da Renast, suas fragilidades e potencialidades; e a relevância de cada ator no sentido de mobilizá-los para mudança de suas realidades. Conclusão: as oficinas apresentaram-se como estratégia possível de formação e ponto de partida, visando à mobilização social para fortalecer a Renast.

Abstract Introduction: social participation is a cornerstone in implementing the National Policy for Occupational Heath, which establishes care actions for worker's health within the Unified Health System, based on the National Network for Comprehensive Occupational Healthcare (Renast). Objective: to describe the educational-service partnership aimed at strengthening occupational care in a municipality according to Renast principles by education and social mobilization in health. Methods: This experience report focuses on the outreach project developed to answer the demands of the municipal Intersectoral Commission on Occupational Health. Three workshops were conducted using discussion groups as a method for knowledge production associated with teaching and learning strategies. Results: health professionals, students, workers, and representatives of entities participated in the workshops, which addressed Renast organization; epidemiology and the role of various actors in strengthening Renast; Renast intra and intersectoral articulation, its weaknesses and potentialities; and the relevance of each actor in changing their realities. Conclusion: the workshops proved to be a feasible strategy for education and social mobilization aimed at strengthening Renast.

Social mobilization, education, and prevention of the Ebola virus disease: A scoping review.

The Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) remains a global public health concern with multiple outbreaks over the last five years. This scoping review aimed to synthesize the current state of knowledge on awareness, education, and community mobilization programs on EVD prevention. A comprehensive search strategy was executed in October 2021 across eight databases (APA PsycInfo, CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, Embase, Global Health, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science). According to the PRISMA flow diagram, out of the 4815 studies generated by the search, 33 were retained for extraction and were included in this scoping review. Findings revealed that cultural practices that increased the risk of Ebola transmission remain very prevalent, even educational and awareness campaigns. Levels of Ebola-related knowledge by community members varied widely. A large proportion of the Ebola-affected populations were not aware of modes of transmission and half were unaware of signs and symptoms. Interventions with deep community mobilization, collaboration and engagement were effective in changing cultural practices, and reducing rates of infection. Interventions in the health sector helped increase willingness to practice preventive methods and the maintenance of social distancing and patient handwashing. A majority of the population members received their information about EVD from the community and mass media (in most instances, through broadcasting stations). Community interventions with a collaborative approach are effective to prevent EVD. It is needed to build trust between communities and health care, but also to use local resources and cultural factors combined with the use of technologies of information to prevent EVD.

Refusing to tolerate ongoing prejudicial behavior toward immigrants: Together we can object to prejudicial flag displays.

Over recent years, immigrants have been met with unjust prejudiced behavior instead of warm welcome. However, not all citizens of a nation endorse such behavior, instead they try to oppose it through social mobilization. In the context of an ongoing situation where the national flag is used as a prejudiced means to exclude immigrants, individuals who felt attached with all members of the nation felt significantly more shame for the unjust than individuals who glorify their nation. Consequently, attached identifiers expressed a significantly greater motivation than glorified identifiers to start thinking about social mobilization to reclaim the meaning of the flag as a symbol of inclusion, not exclusion. The current study contributes to the growing debate on how immigrants are received, and it helps explain how national identification and feelings such as shame motivate individuals to start thinking about objecting to prejudicial flag displays.

Towards elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis in Kenya: improving advocacy, communication and social mobilization activities for mass drug administration, a qualitative study.

INTRODUCTION: The Kenya Breaking Transmission Strategy for Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) from 2019 to 2023 intensifies advocacy, coordination, and partnerships. The purpose of this study was to explore views and experiences of stakeholders and health workers on ways of improving the Advocacy, Communication and Social Mobilization (ACSM) activities of Mass Drug Administration (MDA) for Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) programs through participatory approaches in Kilifi County, Kenya. METHODS: Two wards were purposely selected in the Kaloleni sub-county, Kilifi County, where there was an average treatment coverage of 56% in 2015, 50.5% in 2016. Qualitative data collection methods were employed, which included participatory meetings with county stakeholders to understand their views, experiences, and suggestions on how ACSM strategies can be improved in MDA for LF. Twelve In-Depth Interviews (IDIs) were conducted (six with opinion leaders and six with Community Health Extension Workers (CHEWs) and two semi-structured interviews (SSIs) were held with county and sub-county coordinators involved in MDA administration. The aim was to better to understand their perceptions of the NTD program about ACSM, challenges to ACSM strategies, and ways to improve the strategies for ACSM in MDA for LF. The Data was organized and classified into codes and themes using QSR NVIVO version 12. RESULTS: The study observed the low participation of stakeholders in the ACSM activities of MDA for LF and identified potential areas for stakeholders' involvement to strengthen the activities. Challenges hindering effective implementation of ACSM activities include late delivery of Information, Educational and Communication (IEC) and few IEC materials, insufficient funding, inadequate time allocated to reach the assigned households with messages, messaging, and packaging of information for dissemination due to the vastness of the area. The stakeholders recommended innovative strategies and techniques to improve ACSM activities. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The results of this study show key challenges to ACSM implementation of MDA for LF. Implementers need to pay attention to these challenges to enhance the effectiveness of MDA per the Kenya NTD Breaking Transmission Strategy. ACSM efforts in MDA for LF control and elimination should be linked with overarching efforts to mainstream partnerships and coordination in control and elimination.

El antifujimorismo y la defensa de la democracia: estudio sobre la conciencia política de jóvenes movilizados contra el fujimorismo en Lima / The anti-fujimorism and the defense of democracy: a study on the political consciousness of young people mobilized against fujimorism in Lima

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio es explorar las dimensiones de conciencia política en jóvenes que participaron en movilizaciones sociales contra el fujimorismo entre el 2016 y 2018. El grupo de participantes estuvo constituido por 8 jóvenes (6 hombres y 2 mujeres) de entre 21 y 29 años. Para lograr el objetivo se utilizó una guía de entrevista a profundidad semiestructurada basada en las dimensiones de conciencia política de Sandoval (2001). Las entrevistas se realizaron durante el periodo de indulto a Alberto Fujimori y la prisión preventiva a Keiko Fujimori (entre julio y noviembre de 2018). Los resultados muestran que las 7 dimensiones permiten entender el proceso de conciencia política que experimenta el colectivo antifujimorista. La principal dimensión es la de identidad colectiva, dado la alta vinculación de los participantes con el colectivo antifujimorista estos se encuentran altamente identificados con las normas, conductas y objetivos del mismo.

Abstract The objective of this study is to explore the dimensions of political awareness in young people who participated in social mobilizations against fujimorism between 2016 and 2018. The group of participants consisted of 8 young people (6 men and 2 women) between 21 and 29 years old. To achieve the objective, a semi-structured in-depth interview guide was based on the dimensions of political consciousness of Sandoval (2001). The interviews were conducted during the pardon period for Alberto Fujimori and the preventive detention for Keiko Fujimori (between July and November 2018). The results show that the 7 dimensions allow us to understand the process of political consciousness experienced by the anti-Fujimori collective. The main dimension is that of collective identity. Given the high bond of the participants with the anti-Fujimori collective, they are highly identified with its norms, behaviors and objectives.

[Therapeutic activism and health democracy: lessons from the fight against AIDS]. / Activisme thérapeutique et démocratie en santé : les leçons de la lutte contre le sida.

The "great AIDS patient revolt" had a major impact on the world of health care in Western countries. It is considered to be one of the social factors that led to the emergence of the notion of health democracy at the turn of the century. A look back at a historic struggle.

Elegía psicológica para un país en llamas / Psychological elegy for a country in flames

El presente texto tiene como objetivo realizar una reflexión en torno a los acontecimien-tos que han emergido en Colombia a raíz del paro nacional convocado para el 28 de abril de 2021. El ejercicio está pensado desde el campo de la psicología social y la literatura que sirven como ejes articuladores para adentrarnos al campo de los movimientos so-ciales. Teniendo en cuenta que, es a partir de la expresión literaria y de las contribucio-nes conceptuales, que se puede realizar una aproximación a estos fenómenos sociales. Para esto, se mencionan algunas obras literarias que pueden tener relación con el con-texto actual colombiano; seguido, la reflexión se adentra al área de la psicología, princi-palmente la psicología social y política para entablar un diálogo con la coyuntura que en este momento de efervescencia social está viviendo el país. Finalmente, se exponen las conclusiones referentes al trabajo disciplinar frente a las demandas sociales, políticas y culturales en situaciones como las movilizaciones sociales

The purpose of this text is to reflect on the events that have emerged in Colombia as a result of the national strike called for April 28, 2021. The exercise is thought from the field of social psychology and literature that serve as articulating axes to enter the field of social movements. Taking into account that it is from the literary expression and conceptual contributions that an approach to these social phenomena can be made. For this, some literary works that may be related to the current Colombian context are mentioned; then the reflection enters the area of psychology, mainly social and political psychology to establish a dialogue with the social reality that the country is experiencing at this moment of social effervescence. Finally, conclusions are drawn regarding the disciplinary work in the face of social, political and cultural demands in situations such as social mobilizations

Potencialidades da Educação Popular em tempos de pandemia da Covid-19 na Atenção Primária à Saúde no Brasil / The potential of Popular Education in Primary Health Care in Brazil in times of the Covid-19 pandemic / Potencialidades de la Educación Popular en tiempos de pandemia de Covid-19 en la Atención Primaria de la Salud en Brasil

O presente artigo buscou compreender as especificidades e potencialidades da Educação Popular em Saúde (EPS) como orientadora de ações no âmbito da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) diante da pandemia da Covid-19 no Brasil. Metodologicamente, esta pesquisa tem caráter exploratório, com abordagem qualitativa dos dados. Foram realizadas, no mês de julho de 2020, entrevistas semiestruturadas com cinco atores sociais integrantes de coletivos nacionais de EPS. Os resultados indicam que têm ocorrido o fortalecimento do trabalho coletivo e a constituição de novas articulações, assim como a EPS se evidencia como prática potente na criação de vínculo com e no território; ademais, as tecnologias da informação e comunicação têm sido consideradas como importantes aliadas. Conclui-se que a EPS continua sendo efetiva no âmbito da APS, tendo o diálogo horizontalizado e a problematização da realidade como pressupostos estruturantes de seu que fazer. (AU)

This study sought to understand the specificities and potential of popular health education (PHE) as a guiding principle for primary health care actions in response to the Covid-19 pandemic in Brazil. We carried out a qualitative exploratory study using data from semi-structured interviews conducted with five social actors who were members of national PHE collectives. The findings show that PHE has strengthened collective working and given rise to new articulations, showing itself to be a powerful practice for creating affiliation with and in the territory. In addition, information and communication technologies are considered important allies. We conclude that PHE, whose underlying premises include horizontal dialogue and the problematization of reality, continues to be effective within primary care. (AU)

El presente artículo buscó comprender las especificidades y potencialidades de la Educación Popular en Salud (EPS) como orientadora de acciones en el ámbito de la Atención Primaria de la Salud (APS) frente a la pandemia de Covid-19 en Brasil. Metodológicamente, esta investigación tiene carácter exploratorio, con abordaje cualitativo de los datos. En el mes de julio de 2020 se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con cinco actores sociales integrantes de colectivos nacionales de EPS. Los resultados indicaron que ha habido el fortalecimiento del trabajo colectivo y la constitución de nuevas articulaciones, así como que la EPS se ha mostrado como una práctica potente en la creación de vínculo con el territorio y en él; además, las tecnologías de la información y comunicación se han considerado importantes aliadas. Se concluye que la EPS continúa siendo efectiva en el ámbito de la APS, teniendo el diálogo horizontalizado y la problematización de la realidad como presuposiciones estructuradoras de su quehacer. (AU)

Social mobilization and political change in countries governed by the left: The cases of Argentina and Brazil.

This paper analyses the socio-political dynamics after the financial crash in two countries governed by the left, Argentina and Brazil. Whilst the economic crisis had an effect on the general distributive capacity of leftwing coalitions, it remains unclear why the political resolution of such a crisis adopted anti-regime features in Brazil and the form of an institutional alternation of power in Argentina. Our aim is to understand the new socio-political dynamics and their implications in the crisis of the left turn, especially the relationship between social mobilization and political change in the context of Argentina and Brazil. In doing so, the paper contributes to the growing body of literature interested in the intersections between social movements and the state. Based on the analysis of original qualitative and quantitative data on social protests events in both countries 2011-2015, the paper suggests that the complexity of changes in the socio-political dynamics can be captured by looking at three dimensions of the problem: grammar of mobilization, social imaginaries, and political representation. The main argument is that the different types of left turn strategy developed in both countries affected in turn the responses to the economic crisis and the new cycle of mobilization. The kirchnerist's movimentista strategy in Argentina contrasted with the demobilizing strategy of the PT in Brazil. Whilst the former contributed to channel the high and polarized levels of activism within the polity, the latter resulted in the crisis of the long cycle of political representation opened with the transition to democracy.

Effectiveness of a community-level social mobilization intervention in achieving the outcomes of polio vaccination campaigns during the post-polio-endemic period: Evidence from CORE Group polio project in Uttar Pradesh, India.

BACKGROUND: A social mobilization (SM) initiative contributed to India's success in polio elimination. This was the CORE Group Polio Project (CGPP) India, a partner of the Uttar Pradesh (UP) SM Network and which continued its SM activities, even during the polio-free period through a network of multi-level social mobilizers. This paper assesses the effects of this community-level SM (CLSM) intervention on the extent of community engagement and performance of polio Supplementary Immunization Activity campaigns (SIAs) during the post-polio-endemic period (i.e., from March 2012 to September 2017). METHODS: This study followed a quasi-experimental design. We used secondary, cluster-level data from CGPP India's Management Information System, including 52 SIAs held from January 2008 to September 2017, covering 56 blocks from 12 districts of UP. We computed various indicators and performed Generalized Estimating Equations based analysis to assess the statistical significance of differences between the outcomes of intervention and non-intervention areas. We then estimated the effects of the SM intervention using Interrupted time-series, Difference-in-Differences and Synthetic Control Methods. Finally, we estimated the population influenced by the intervention. RESULTS: The performance of polio SIAs changed over time, with the intervention areas having better outcomes than non-intervention areas. The absence of CLSM intervention during the post-polio-endemic period would have negatively impacted the outcomes of polio SIAs. The percentage of children vaccinated at polio SIA booths, percentage of 'X' houses (i.e., households with unvaccinated children or households with out-of-home/out-of-village children or locked households) converted to 'P' (i.e., households with all vaccinated children or households without children eligible for vaccination), and percentage of resistant houses converted to polio acceptors would have gone down by 14.1 (Range: 12.7 to 15.5), 6.3 (Range: 5.2 to 7.3) and 7.4 percentage points, respectively. Community engagement would have reduced by 7.2 (Range: 6.6 to 7.7) percentage points. CONCLUSIONS: The absence of CLSM intervention would have significantly decreased the level of community engagement and negatively impacted the performance of polio SIAs of the post-polio-endemic period. The study provides evidence of an added value of deploying additional human resource dedicated to social mobilization to achieve desired vaccination outcomes in hard-to-reach or programmatically challenging areas.

Public repudiation acts on YouTube: Amplification and mobilizing effects / Actos de repudio público en youtube: amplificación y efectos movilizantes

RESUMEN Los medios sociales han favorecido la producción y consumo de contenidos sobre asuntos de interés ciudadano como aquellos de reclamo social a las autoridades. Dentro de estos aparece una tipología de videos difundidos en YouTube y otras redes en los que personalidades políticas son increpadas en el espacio público por transeúntes casuales. Estos encuentros espontáneos, registrados en dispositivos móviles y trasladados al entorno Web, sirven, potencialmente, como una forma alternativa de protesta social y, en consecuencia, podrían incitar a la movilización y a la participación ciudadana. Este artículo examina este fenómeno desde el análisis de las propiedades de amplificación y los efectos a nivel de movilización social de una selección de actos de repudio a personalidades políticas de Colombia y Venezuela. A través de una metodología mixta se examinaron cuatro casos en los que se observaron las variables de difusión y viralidad, participación, influencia, continuidad, unidad y movilización, en concordancia con la literatura sobre movimientos sociales en la Web. Los resultados permiten concluir que, a pesar del auge y las cualidades atribuidas a las plataformas sociales, estos contenidos no logran efectos concretos en las audiencias que se traduzcan en acciones más allá de la participación en línea.

ABSTRACT Social media have favored the production and consumption of content on matters of citizen interest, such as those of social claim to authorities. Within these, there is a typology of videos broadcasted on YouTube and other social media networks, in which political personalities are rebuked in public space by casual pedestrians. These spontaneous encounters, recorded on mobile devices and posted on the World Wide Web, potentially serve as an alternative form of social protest and, consequently, could incite citizen mobilization and participation. This article examines this phenomenon from the analysis of the amplification properties and the social mobilization effects of a selection of repudiation acts against political personalities from Colombia and Venezuela. Based on the literature on social movements on the Web, and through the application of a mixed methodology, this study examines the variables of diffusion and virality, participation, influence, continuity, unity and mobilization in four distinctive cases. The results allow us to conclude that, despite the rise and qualities attributed to social platforms, these contents do not reach concrete effects on audiences that are translated into actions beyond online participation.

Strengthening community and stakeholder participation in the implementation of integrated vector management for malaria control in western Kenya: a case study.

BACKGROUND: Integrated vector management (IVM) is defined as a rational decision-making process for the optimal use of resources for vector control. The IVM approach is based on the premise that effective control of vectors and the diseases they transmit is not the sole preserve of the health sector. It requires the collaboration and participation of communities and other stakeholders in public and private sectors. Community participation is key to the success of IVM implementation at the local level. CASE DESCRIPTION: The study was conducted in Nyabondo, a rural area of Kenya where malaria is endemic. The objective of the project was to promote adoption and sustainability of IVM and scale up IVM-related activities as well as increase community participation and partnership in malaria control through outreach, capacity-building and collaboration with other stakeholders in the area. Collaboration was pursued through forging partnership with various government departments and ministries, particularly the fisheries department, ministry of education, ministry of health, forestry department and the social services. In total, 33 community-based organizations working within the area were identified and their role documented. Through distribution of information, education and communication (IEC) materials alone, the project was able to reach 10,670 people using various social mobilization methods, such as convening of sensitization meetings-dubbed 'mosquito days'-mainly spearheaded by primary school pupils. A total of 23 local primary schools participated in creating awareness on malaria prevention and control during the project phase. The collaboration with other departments like fisheries led to stocking of more than 20 fishponds with a total of 18,000 fingerlings in the years 2017 and 2018. Fish ponds provided an opportunity for income generation to the community. In partnership with the county government health department, the project was able to re-train 40 CHVs on IVM and malaria case management in the area. Additionally, 40 fish farmers were re-trained on fish farming as part of income generating activity (IGA) while 10 CBOs made up of 509 members received both eucalyptus and Ocimum kilimandscharicum seedlings that were distributed to four CBOs composed of 152 members. Four primary schools made up of 113 health club members also received eucalyptus seedlings as part of IGA in addition to fish farming. In total, around 20,000 eucalyptus seedlings were distributed to the community as part of IGA initiatives. By the end of 2018, the project was able to reach 25,322 people in the community during its two-year advocacy and social mobilization initiatives. CONCLUSION: Through advocacy and social mobilization, the IVM strategy improved inter-sectoral collaboration, enhanced capacity building and community participation. However, more IVM related activities are needed to effectively mobilize available resources and increase community participation in malaria control.

Social mobilization and polarization can create volatility in COVID-19 pandemic control.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, political polarization has emerged as a significant threat that inhibits coordinated action of central and local institutions reducing the efficacy of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). Yet, it is not well-understood to what extent polarization can affect grass-roots, voluntary social mobilization targeted at mitigating the pandemic spread. Here, we propose a polarized mobilization model amidst the pandemic for demonstrating the differential responses to COVID-19 as mediated by the USA's political landscape. We use a novel dataset and models from time-critical social mobilization competitions, voting records, and a high-resolution county-wise friendship network. Our simulations show that a higher degree of polarization impedes the overall spread of mobilization and leads to a highly-heterogeneous impact among states. Our hypothetical compliance campaign to mitigate COVID-19 spread predicts grass-roots mitigation strategies' success before the dates of actual lockdowns in identically polarized states with more than three times of success rate than oppositely polarized states. Finally, we analyze the coupling of social mobilization leading to unrest and the growth of COVID-19 infections. These findings highlight social mobilization as both a collective precautionary measure and a potential threat to countermeasures, together with a warning message that the emerging polarization can be a significant hurdle of NPIs relying on coordinated action.

Using Community Feedback to Guide the COVID-19 Response in Sub-Saharan Africa: Red Cross and Red Crescent Approach and Lessons Learned from Ebola.

Risk communication and community engagement are critical elements of epidemic response. Despite progress made in this area, few examples of regional feedback mechanisms in Africa provide information on community concerns and perceptions in real time. To enable humanitarian responders to move beyond disseminating messages, work in partnership with communities, listen to their ideas, identify community-led solutions, and support implementation of solutions systems need to be in place for documenting, analyzing, and acting on community feedback. This article describes how the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and its national societies in sub-Saharan Africa have worked to establish and strengthen systems to ensure local intelligence and community insights inform operational decision making. As part of the COVID-19 response, a system was set up to collect, compile, and analyze unstructured community feedback from across the region. We describe how this system was set up based on a system piloted in the response to Ebola in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which tools were adapted and shared across the region, and how the information gathered was used to shape and adapt the response of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and the broader humanitarian response.

Intertribal Collaboration and Health: A Literature Review.

In the United States, American Indians and Alaska Natives (AIAN) are rebuilding their nations through assertion of sovereignty, standards of governance, cultural frameworks, strategic orientation, and effective leadership. The approach emphasizes tribal self-determination in managing nation affairs and reducing reliance on state and federal assistance. Through nation-building, tribal nations can improve their citizens' health and well-being while empowering local capacity and cultural pride. Intertribal collaboration can be an effective strategy to leverage resources and create a coalition for support and knowledge exchange; however, the research documenting practices, and outcomes of tribal health management that uses intertribal collaboration is limited. This systematic review investigates health-focused collaborations among the tribal nations in North America. Peer-reviewed articles that included at least two federally recognized tribes, described AIAN driven initiatives, implemented a health management plan, collaborated between Indigenous leaders, and goals of social, behavioural, mental, and physical health outcomes were examined. This search was limited to articles published between January 1, 1970 to November 30, 2019. The PRISMA systematic review process was used. Twenty-seven articles were screened, and three articles were eligible for thematic review. The articles highlighted the importance of utilizing an Indigenous framework to facilitate program management and collaboration, recognition of cultural differences, and sovereignty rights. Characteristics that contributed to the establishment and strengthening of intertribal collaboration were: (1) adapt new proposals, (2) respectful recognition of sovereignty, and (3) transparent and honest communication. The small sample size indicated most Indigenous health programs are not "AIAN-driven", limiting the foundation for building evidence-based frameworks.

Hydropower development, collective action, and environmental justice in the Brazilian Amazon.

The Brazilian Amazon has long served as a site of infrastructure development and natural resource extraction. Development projects including dams and mines have largely benefitted distant urban actors at a cost to local communities and the environment. We draw from theories of internal colonialism and environmental justice to examine the ways that dam building undermined the well-being of communities affected by construction of the Belo Monte Dam, and to understand how those communities engaged in collective action to minimize negative impacts on their livelihoods. Drawing from semi-structured interview and ethnographic data, we find that farmers and fishers impacted by Belo Monte used a variety of tactics to resist exploitation and ultimately receive more equitable compensation for their losses. We propose two processes were central to their success in mobilizing for environmental justice: transformative resistance and collaborative claims-making.

Research on the Participation of Chinese Sports Cultural Elite in Ice and Snow Sports.

Governments have a responsibility to provide equal opportunities for sport and physical activity to all people of population. Chinese governments have issued many policies, such as "exhibition in the south, expansion in the West and East" of ice and snow sports to promote and stimulate the participation of the broad masses of the people. As a high-cost sport, the participants of ice and snow sports are usually socially elite groups. This study investigated the participation of cultural elite groups in ice and snow sports and investigated the social mobilization effect of ice and snow sports participation promotion policies by using binary regression and sequential regression models. The research shows that there are two different stages of one-time and continuous participation in the development of ice and snow sports in China. The one-time participation of ordinary people in ice and snow sports is mainly in response to the social mobilization of government policies. At the same time, it is positively correlated with site restrictions and knowledge of ice and snow sports. In the continuous participation group, gender, income, perception of ice and snow culture, and convenience near the site were highly positively correlated with consumption level. According to the results, low- and middle income people are less likely to participate in these activities because of their income. Therefore, this policy can increase inequalities.

"Hunger and rage (and the virus) are human things": reflections on solidarity in times of Covid-19 / "A fome e a raiva (e o vírus) é coisas dos home": reflexões sobre participação social em tempos de Covid-19

ABSTRACT Objective To identify and reflect about civil society's initiatives to curb hunger in connection with the Covid-19 pandemic in Brazil. Methods In order to identify society's initiatives to fight hunger, two independent systematic searches were conducted in the Google® search engine using the following keywords: "covid civil society initiatives" and "hunger pandemic solidarity campaign". Results Fourteen nationwide civil society-promoted initiatives were identified, that among their objectives aimed at fostering collective funding to purchase and distribute foods. Conclusion Brazilian society has been historically sensitive to the hunger problem and shows solidarity as a social value. Nevertheless, the State is legally bound to provide food, as a social right.

RESUMO Objetivo Mapear e refletir sobre as iniciativas da sociedade civil para o combate à fome no contexto da pandemia de Covid-19 no Brasil. Métodos Para identificar as iniciativas da sociedade para o combate à fome foram conduzidas duas buscas sistemáticas independentes na plataforma Google®, utilizando as palavras-chave: "iniciativas sociedade civil covid" e "fome pandemia campanha solidariedade". Resultados Foram localizadas quatorze iniciativas da sociedade civil de abrangência nacional que têm entre seus objetivos promover campanhas de financiamento coletivo para aquisição e distribuição de alimentos. Conclusão Historicamente, a sociedade brasileira é sensível ao tema do combate à fome e presta solidariedade como um valor social. Contudo, cabe ao Estado a obrigação legal do cumprimento da alimentação enquanto um direito de cidadania.

The COVID-19 Infodemic: Infodemiology Study Analyzing Stigmatizing Search Terms.

BACKGROUND: In the context of the COVID-19 infodemic, the global profusion of monikers and hashtags for COVID-19 have found their way into daily communication and contributed to a backlash against China and the Chinese people. OBJECTIVE: This study examines public engagement in crisis communication about COVID-19 during the early epidemic stage and the practical strategy of social mobilization to mitigate the infodemic. METHODS: We retrieved the unbiased values of the top-ranked search phrases between December 30, 2019, and July 15, 2020, which normalized the anonymized, categorized, and aggregated samples from Google Search data. This study illustrates the most-searched terms, including the official COVID-19 terms, the stigmatized terms, and other controls, to measure the collective behavioral propensities to stigmatized terms and to explore the global reaction to the COVID-19 epidemic in the real world. We calculated the ratio of the cumulative number of COVID-19 cases to the regional population as the cumulative rate (R) of a specific country or territory and calculated the Gini coefficient (G) to measure the collective heterogeneity of crowd behavior. RESULTS: People around the world are using stigmatizing terms on Google Search, and these terms were used earlier than the official names. Many stigmatized monikers against China (eg, "Wuhan pneumonia," G=0.73; "Wuhan coronavirus," G=0.60; "China pneumonia," G=0.59; "China coronavirus," G=0.52; "Chinese coronavirus," G=0.50) had high collective heterogeneity of crowd behavior between December 30, 2019, and July 15, 2020, while the official terms "COVID-19" (G=0.44) and "SARS-CoV-2" (G=0.42) have not become de facto standard usages. Moreover, the pattern of high consistent usage was observed in 13 territories with low cumulative rates (R) between January 16 and July 15, 2020, out of 58 countries and territories that have reported confirmed cases of COVID-19. In the scientific literature, multifarious naming practices may have provoked unintended negative impacts by stigmatizing Chinese people. The World Health Organization; the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; and the media initiated campaigns for fighting back against the COVID-19 infodemic with the same mission but in diverse voices. CONCLUSIONS: Infodemiological analysis can articulate the collective propensities to stigmatized monikers across search behaviors, which may reflect the collective sentiment of backlash against China and Chinese people in the real world. The full-fledged official terms are expected to fight back against the resilience of negative perceptual bias amid the COVID-19 epidemic. Such official naming efforts against the infodemic should be met with a fair share of identification in scientific conventions and sociocultural paradigms. As an integral component of preparedness, appropriate nomenclatures should be duly assigned to the newly identified coronavirus, and social mobilization in a uniform voice is a priority for combating the next infodemic.